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MELAYU DI BENUA AMERIKA
Membaca hipotesis mengenai hubungan bangsa Melayu dan benua Amerika membuatkan saya benar-benar teruja. Anda boleh membacanya di websiteNational Geographic pada link di bawah:
Who Were The First Americans?
Ia sebenarnya tidak mustahil dan tidak menghairankan..
Kevin Reilly di dalam bukunya The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History (rujuk gambar) dengan jelas menyatakan bangsa Melayu merupakan pelayar laut lepas yang terawal. Kenyataan ini juga boleh dilihat di dalam rekod-rekod lain seperti yang tercatat di dalam Notes of Ancient Maritime.
Antara petikan di dalamnya:
“By the third century B.C.E. the Chinese had taken notice of Malay sailors approaching their shores from the “Kunlun” Islands in the southern seas, which the Chinese learned were “volcanic and invariably endowed with marvellous and potent powers”. . . . The Chinese also knew these islanders as builders and as the crews of ocean-going vessels engaged in long-distance overseas trade. The Chinese, in fact, appear to have learnt much from these sailors. The Malays independently invented a sail, made from woven mats reinforced with bamboo, at least several hundred years B.C.E., and by the time of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.) the Chinese were using such sails (Johnstone, 1980: 191-92).
Chinese descriptions of Malay ships, the earliest of which dates to the third century C.E., indicate that the Malay sailed jongs (a Malay word), large vessels with multilayered hulls. The English word junk, which is often used to refer to Chinese vessels, is a derivative of the Malay jong. The Chinese also recognized that their word for Kunlun ships, buo, was a foreign word that had been incorporated into Chinese (Manguin, 1980: 266-67, 274).
On average, the jong could carry four to five hundred metric tons, but at least one was large enough to carry a thousand tons. The planks of the ships were joined with dowels; no metal was used in their construction. On some of the smaller vessels parts might be lashed together with vegetable fibres, but this was not typical of larger ships. The jong usually had from two to four masts plus a bowsprit, as well as two rudders mounted on its sides. Outrigger devices, designed to stabilize a vessel, were used on many ships but probably were not characteristic of ships that sailed in rough oceans (Manguin, 1980: 268-74).
The Malays were also the first to use a balance-lug sail, an invention of global significance. Balance-lugs are square sails set fore and aft and tilted down at the end. They can be pivoted sideways, which makes it possible to sail into the oncoming wind at an angle of to tack against the wind – to sail at an angle first one way and then the other, in a zigzag pattern, so as to go in the direction from which the wind is blowing. Because of the way the sides of the sail were tilted, from a distance it looked somewhat triangular. . . . It is thus quite likely that the Malay balance-lug was the inspiration for the triangular lateen sail, which was developed by sailors living on either side of the Malays, the Polynesians to their east and the Arabs to their west.
Precisely when the Polynesians and the Arabs began using the lateen sail remains unknown, but it would seem to have been in the last centuries B.C.E. It is known that the Arabs in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean were accomplished sailors by the first century C.E. and both they and the Polynesians apparently had the lateen sail by then (Hourani, 1951: 102). This pattern suggests that sailors who came into contact with the Malays’ balance-lug sail were inspired by it and attempted to copy its design. They might have misunderstood it to be a triangular sail or, in the process of trying to duplicate it, discovered a triangular sail would serve the same purpose.
Arabs sailing in Mediterranean waters were using a lateen sail by the second century C.E., but it did not appear on Atlantic ships until the fifteenth century, when Portuguese mariners put both the lateen and the traditional Atlantic square sails on their vessels. It was only after they came into the possession of the lateen and learned how to tack against the wind that it became possible for them to explore the western coast of Africa, because the winds off Africa’s western coast blow the same direction all year round. Without a lateen, Atlantic sailors, including the Portuguese, could not sail south in search of West African gold, since they would have no way to return to Europe.” Shaffer (1996), pp. 12-14.
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Buku Ancient America In Notes On American Archeology juga ada menyatakan hipotesis yang sama berkenaan bangsa Melayu yang tiba di benua Amerika.
Antara rangkuman yang lengkap pendapat-pendapat pengkaji Amerika ini terdapat di dalam buku yang bertajuk A Nation Now Extinct: American Indian Origin Theories as of 1820: Samuel L. Mitchill, Martin Harris, and the New York Theory karangan Richard E. Bennett:
"Elements of the New York theory have gained qualified support over time. John D. Lang, wellknown British missionary to the South Seas, argued in 1834 that the South Sea Islanders derived originally from Asia, including India, and that the Malayan race was an 'amphibious nation' that, driven from island to island, hopscotched their way across the Pacific, eventually peopling Mexico and Peru."
"In 1795 Professor Samuel Mitchill of Columbia College (formerly King’s College under British preRevolutionary rule) returned to his lifelong interest in the origins of the Indians. By 1816 he was arguing that the colonies of Malayan emigrants who people South and North America as far as Mexico, formerly possessed the fertile region east of the Mississippi and quite to the shores of Ontario. They were the constructors of the fortifications so much admired.”
"B. H. Coates likewise argued that same year that the South Sea Islanders were 'the principal source of American population', basing his claim on similarities of dialects, habits of navigation, and facial similarities."
"John Delafield, based on his study of philology, echoed Mitchill when he wrote in 1839 that there were 'two distinct races' in the Americas — one civilized, comprehending the Mexicans and Peruvians, and the other savage and nomadic, embracing all the families of the North American Indians.The civilized inhabitants of the more southerly realms were expelled thence by the subsequent immigration and successive conquests of the Indian tribes who came from the north of Asia and appear to be of Mongolian origin."
"A few years later, Marcius Willson wrote that while many came over the Bering Strait, there is no improbability that the early Asiatics reached the western shores of America through the islands of the Pacific."
"E. M. Ruttenber, in his 1872 History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson’s River, quoted Mitchill at length. As late as 1933 Professor Clark Wissler in his ethnological studies of the American aborigines credited Mitchill for being among the first to argue that even the Aztecs were Malayan."
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